第一章 单元测试

1、单选题：
Which of the following is not included in the study of pharmacology? （ ）
选项：
A:drug absorption
B:drug metabolism
C:drug formulation
D:mechanism of drug action
E:drug effects
答案: 【drug formulation】

2、单选题：
Which of the following statements is wrong? （ ）
选项：
A:drugs are used in chemotherapy
B:drugs can regulate physiological processes of the body
C:drugs are used to prevent diseases
D:drugs are usually chemicals
E:drugs are used in physical therapy
答案: 【drugs are used in physical therapy】

3、单选题：
A more comprehensive description of “drug” is: （ ）
选项：
A:Substances with nourishing, nutrition, health care and rehabilitation
B:Substances that affect the physiological functions of the body
C:Is a chemical substance
D:Chemicals that can interfere with the metabolic activity of cells
E:Substances that is used to prevent and diagnose diseases and is harmless to the user
答案: 【Substances that is used to prevent and diagnose diseases and is harmless to the user】

4、多选题：
Pharmacology is an important basic course which: （ ）
选项：
A:Improve drug quality and efficacy
B:To provide theoretical basis for guiding clinical rational drug use
C:Elucidating the mechanisms of drug action
D:It can provide experimental data and theoretical basis for the development of new drugs
E:Has the nature of bridge discipline
答案: 【Improve drug quality and efficacy;
To provide theoretical basis for guiding clinical rational drug use;
Elucidating the mechanisms of drug action;
It can provide experimental data and theoretical basis for the development of new drugs;
Has the nature of bridge discipline】

5、多选题：
The main tasks of pharmacological research are: （ ）
选项：
A:Pharmacokinetics
B:Pharmacodynamics
C:Distribution of the drug
D:Chemical structure modification
E:Absorption of drugs
答案: 【Pharmacokinetics;
Pharmacodynamics】

6、多选题：
Sources of new drugs include: （ ）
选项：
A:Gene recombination
B:Natural medicines
C:Chemical structure modification
D:Purchased from a pharmacy
E:Synthetic drugs
答案: 【Gene recombination;
Natural medicines;
Chemical structure modification;
Synthetic drugs】

7、单选题：
Following oral administration, a drug is absorbed into the body, wherein it can exert its action. For a drug given orally, the primary site of drug absorption is: （ ）
选项：
A:The esophagus
B:The stomach
C:The large intestine
D:All of the above
E:The upper portion of the small intestine
答案: 【The upper portion of the small intestine】

8、单选题：
The speed of the drug's elimination determines the: （ ）
选项：
A:Maximum effect
B:Magnitude of adverse reactions
C:Speed of onset
D:Magnitude of aftereffects
E:Duration of action
答案: 【Duration of action】

9、单选题：
At 6 h after IV administration of bolus dose, the plasma level of a drug is 1mg/L. If the V d = 10 L and the elimination half-life = 3 h, what was the dose administered? （ ）
选项：
A:108 mg
B:36 mg
C:30 mg
D:20 mg
E:40 mg
答案: 【40 mg】

10、单选题：
Concerning the renal excretion of drugs: （ ）
选项：
A:Only drug that is not bound to plasma proteins (i.e., free drug) is filtered by the glomerulus.
B:Decreasing renal tubular fluid pH will increase elimination of weakly acidic drugs.
C:Low-molecular-weight drugs are much more likely to be actively secreted than filtered.
D:Drugs that are ionized in the renal tubule are more likely to undergo passive reabsorption than those that are unionized
E:Decreasing renal tubular fluid pH will decrease elimination of weakly basic drugs.
答案: 【Only drug that is not bound to plasma proteins (i.e., free drug) is filtered by the glomerulus.】

11、单选题：
For weakly acidic drugs: （ ）
选项：
A:The urine PH increases, the drug dissociation degree is small, reabsorption is more, and excretion is slowed down
B:The urine PH is reduced, the drug dissociation is small, the reabsorption is less, and the excretion is slowed down
C:There are no regular changes and effects on renal excretion
D:Reduce urine PH, the drug dissociation degree is large, reabsorption is more, excretion is faster
E:Increase the urine PH, the drug dissociation degree is large, reabsorption is less, excretion is faster
答案: 【Increase the urine PH, the drug dissociation degree is large, reabsorption is less, excretion is faster】

12、单选题：
Frequently it is useful to consider the overall exposure of a person to a drug during the dosing interval. Which of the following pharmacokinetic parameters defines the exposure of a person to a drug? （ ）
选项：
A:Tmax
B:Cmax
C:Half-life
D:AUC (area under the curve)
E:Clearance
答案: 【AUC (area under the curve)】

13、单选题：
A clinician must be concerned with the amount of a drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation, since this will affect the plasma concentration and therapeutic effects observed. The fraction of a dose reaching the systemic circulation as unchanged drug (i.e. intact) is defined as: （ ）
选项：
A:Loading dose
B:Ideal dose
C:Cmax
D:Bioavailability
E:Theoretical dose
答案: 【Bioavailability】

14、单选题：
The characteristics of active transport are: （ ）
选项：
A:energy consumption, no selectivity
B:Carried out by the carrier, consumes energy
C:Carried out by the carrier, does not consume energy
D:No energy consumption, no competitive inhibition
E:Non-selective, competitive inhibition
答案: 【Carried out by the carrier, consumes energy】

15、单选题：
An agent is noted to have a very low calculated volume of distribution(Vd). Which of the following is the best explanation? （ ）
选项：
A:The agent is eliminated by zero-order kinetics.
B:The agent is eliminated by the kidneys, and the patient has renal insufficiency.
C:The agent is extensively bound to plasma proteins.
D:The agent is metabolized by the liver, and the patient has liver insufficiency.
E:The agent is extensively sequestered in tissue.
答案: 【The agent is extensively bound to plasma proteins.】

16、单选题：
If a drug is known to be distributed into total body water, what dose (mg) is needed to obtain an initial plasma level of 10 mg/L in a patient weighing 70 kg? （ ）
选项：
A:100
B:420
C:700
D:300
E:220
答案: 【420】

17、单选题：
Receptors are macromolecules that （ ）
选项：
A:Are resistant to antagonists
B:Are designed to attract drugs
C:Are only on the outer surface of cells
D:Are only inside of cells
E:Exist as targets for physiological neurotransmitters and hormones
答案: 【Exist as targets for physiological neurotransmitters and hormones】

18、单选题：
When the dose-effect curve of a drug is parallel to the right due to the influence of some factors, it indicates: （ ）
选项：
A:Change of action nature
B:Change of action strength
C:Changes in the mechanism of action
D:Change of action point
E:Maximum effect change
答案: 【Change of action strength】

19、单选题：
Aftereffect refers to: （ ）
选项：
A:Reactions occur during medication that are not related to the therapeutic purpose
B:Effects when blood concentrations are below threshold concentrations
C:Biological effects caused by large fluctuations in blood concentrations
D:Reactions that may occur only in a very small number of people
E:The effect is easy to recover for most people
答案: 【Effects when blood concentrations are below threshold concentrations】

20、单选题：
The decrease in the body's sensitivity to the drug after continuous administration is called: （ ）
选项：
A:Tolerance
B:Medication compliance
C:Addiction
D:Bounce phenomenon
E:Drug resistance
答案: 【Tolerance】

21、单选题：
Under which dosage that a drug's adverse reaction is called its side effect? （ ）
选项：
A:ineffective dose
B:therapeutic dose
C:LD50
D:toxic dose
E:maximum dose
答案: 【therapeutic dose】

22、单选题：
6 .Prior to clinical trials in patients with heart failure, an animal study was carried out to compare two new positive inotropic drugs (  ) to a current standard agent (  ). The results of cardiac output measurements are shown in the graph below. Which of the following statements is correct? （ ）

选项：
A:Drug B is more potent than drug C and more effective than drug A
B:Drug A is more potent than drug B and more effective than drug C
C:Drug B is least potent
D:Drug A is most effective
E:Drug C is most potent
答案: 【Drug B is more potent than drug C and more effective than drug A】

23、单选题：
A receptor agonist usually （ ）
选项：
A:has affinity but has no intrinsic activity.
B:has no affinity.
C:has no intrinsic activity.
D:has intrinsic activity but has no affinity.
E:has both affinity and intrinsic activity.
答案: 【has both affinity and intrinsic activity.】

24、单选题：
The therapeutic index is: （ ）
选项：
A:used to determine the relative potency of two drugs
B:the median lethal dose divided by the median-response dose
C:the 50% cytotoxity concentration divided by the 50% effective concentration
D:determined from graded dose-response curves
E:better therapeutically, at a value of 2 than at 10
答案: 【the median lethal dose divided by the median-response dose】

25、多选题：
Competitive antagonists have the following characteristics: （ ）
选项：
A:can produce physiological effects in itself
B:Shift the agonist dose-response curve parallel to the right
C:Can inhibit the maximum efficacy of agonists
D:itself can produce some physiological effects
E:Agonists can still produce effects when the dose is increased
答案: 【Shift the agonist dose-response curve parallel to the right;
Agonists can still produce effects when the dose is increased】

第二章 单元测试

1、单选题：
Which one of the following effects is caused by the ingestion of mushrooms that contain pilocarpine?（ ）
选项：
A:Hyperthermia
B:Diarrhea
C:Bronchodilation
D:Tachycardia
E:Hypertension
答案: 【Diarrhea】

2、单选题：
Choline ester most susceptible to hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase:（ ）
选项：
A:carbachol
B:acetylcholine
C:methacholine
D:bethanechol
E:pilocarpine
答案: 【acetylcholine】

3、单选题：
Which one is NOT belong to the drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system?（ ）
选项：
A:Diazepam
B:Pilocarpine
C:Phenylephrine
D:Phentolamine
E:Isoprenaline
答案: 【Diazepam】

4、单选题：
All of the following statements concerning the autonomic nervous system are true EXCEPT for which one?（ ）
选项：
A:The control of blood pressure is mainly a sympathetic activity
B:The sympathetic division is activated in response to stressful situations
C:The parasympathetic nervous system is not required for life
D:The parasympathetic division originates from cell bodies in CNS
E:The ANS is composed entirely of efferent neurons
答案: 【The parasympathetic nervous system is not required for life】

5、单选题：
Which kind of drugs can affect the afferent nervous system?（ ）
选项：
A:Cholinergic antagonists
B:Adrenergic antagonists
C:Adrenergic agonists
D:Cholinoceptor activating drugs
E:Local anesthetics
答案: 【Local anesthetics】

6、单选题：
Which one refers to the viscera receiving both division of ANS (sympathetic/parasympathetic) with antagonistic or cooperative effects while having opposing outcomes? （ ）
选项：
A:Afferent
B:Adrenergic
C:Efferent
D:Dual Innervation
E:Cholinergic
答案: 【Dual Innervation】

7、单选题：
Which one is NOT belong to indirect-acting drugs of ANS?（ ）
选项：
A:Black widow spider venom
B:Neostigmine
C:Hemicholinium
D:Botulinum toxin
E:Pilocarpine
答案: 【Pilocarpine】

8、单选题：
A patient with an acute attack of glaucoma is treated with pilocarpine. The primary reason for its effectiveness in this condition is its:（ ）
选项：
A:Action to terminate acetylcholinesterase
B:Inability to enter the brain
C:Ability to lower intraocular pressure
D:Ability to inhibit secretions, such as tears, saliva, and sweat
E:Selectivity for nicotinic receptors
答案: 【Ability to lower intraocular pressure】

9、单选题：
Why is Bethanechol used to treat urinary retention and abdominal distention?（ ）
选项：
A:It lacks nicotinic actions but does have strong muscarinic activity
B:Can penetrate cell membranes easily
C:The direct-acting agonists show little specificity in their actions
D:It is not hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase, and has longer duration
E:both muscarinic and nicotinic activity
答案: 【It lacks nicotinic actions but does have strong muscarinic activity】

10、单选题：
The parasympathetic division has a ________ postganglionic neuron. (referring to length) （ ）
选项：
A:Long
B:Ganglia
C:Somatic
D:Cholinergic
E:Short
答案: 【Short】

11、单选题：
Neostigmine differs from pilocarpine in having effects on （ ）
选项：
A:skeletal muscle
B:salivary glands
C:heart rate
D:bladder tone
E:bowel motility
答案: 【skeletal muscle】

12、单选题：
Neostigmine will NOT effectively antagonize skeletal muscle relaxation produced by（ ）
选项：
A:Succinylcholine
B:Atracurium
C:d-tubocurarine
D:Pancuronium
E:Nicotine
答案: 【Succinylcholine】

13、单选题：
The reversible cholinesterase inhibitor indicated in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease is（ ）
选项：
A:Ambenonium
B:Neostigmine
C:Pyridostigmine
D:Edrophonium
E:Tacrine
答案: 【Tacrine】

14、单选题：
The cholinesterase inhibitor that is used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis is（ ）
选项：
A:Edrophonium chloride
B:Pyridostigmine bromide
C:Malathion
D:Physostigmine salicylate
E:Ambenonium chloride
答案: 【Edrophonium chloride】

15、单选题：
Neostigmine will effectively antagonize skeletal muscle relaxation produced by（ ）
选项：
A:Diazepam
B:Baclofen
C:Succinylcholine
D:Pancuronium
E:Nicotine
答案: 【Pancuronium】

16、单选题：
Neostigmine（ ）
选项：
A:Decreases the Ach concentration at the neuromuscular junction
B:Is contraindicated in glaucoma
C:Exacerbates tubocurarine poisoning
D:Has a shorter duration then edrophonium?
E:May result in bowel hypermotility, salivation and sweating
答案: 【May result in bowel hypermotility, salivation and sweating】

17、单选题：
Which on is INCORRECTLY matches a cholinergic agonist?（ ）
选项：
A:Carbachol: induces release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
B:Acetylcholine: decreases heart rate and cardiac output
C:Pilocarpine: reduces IOP
D:Bethanechol: stimulates atonic bladder
E:Physostigmine: decreases intestinal motility
答案: 【Physostigmine: decreases intestinal motility】

18、单选题：
Which of the following is NOT an expected symptom of Neostigmine?（ ）
选项：
A:Increased bronchial secretion
B:Miosis
C:Convulsions
D:Tachycardia
E:Paralysis of skeletal muscle
答案: 【Tachycardia】

19、单选题：
A soldier's unit has come under attack with a nerve agent. The symptoms exhibited are skeletal muscle paralysis, profuse bronchial secretions, miosis, bradycardia, and convulsions. The alarm indicates exposure to an organophosphate. What is the correct treatment?（ ）
选项：
A:Do nothing until you can confirm the nature of the nerve agent
B:Administer 2-PAM
C:Administer atropine, and attempt to confirm the nature of the nerve agent
D:Administer atropine and 2-PAM (pralidoxime)
E:Succinylcholine
答案: 【Administer atropine and 2-PAM (pralidoxime)】

20、单选题：
A patient being diagnosed for myasthenia gravis would be expected to have improved neuromuscular function after being treated with: （ ）
选项：
A:Echothiopate
B:Atropine
C:Donepezil
D:Neostigmine
E:Edrophonium
答案: 【Neostigmine】

21、单选题：
In which of the following conditions atropine can most likely be contraindicated（ ）
选项：
A:Iridocyclitis
B:Glaucoma
C:Intestinal spasm
D:All of above
E:Infective shock
答案: 【Glaucoma】

22、单选题：
Ganglion blocking agents are of little clinical value today but they are important drugs to know for solving cardiovascular drug problems because they can block（ ）
选项：
A:the direct actions of drugs on the heart
B:the direct actions of drugs on blood vessels
C:all muscarinic receptors
D:all nicotinic receptors
E:all autonomic reflexes
答案: 【all autonomic reflexes】

23、单选题：
Which one can be used to control the toxicity effects after eating poisonous mushroom? （ ）
选项：
A:Neostigmine
B:Atropine
C:Acetylcholine
D:Pilocarpine
E:Carbachol
答案: 【Atropine】

24、单选题：
Which one of the following drugs most closely resembles atropine in its pharmacologic effects?（ ）
选项：
A:Acetycholine
B:Physostigmine
C:Scopolamine
D:Carbachol
E:Tubocurarine
答案: 【Scopolamine】

25、单选题：
Applied to the skin in a transdermal patch (transdermal therapeutic delivery system), this drug is used to prevent or reduce the occurrence of nausea and vomiting that are associated with motion sickness.（ ）
选项：
A:Scopolamine
B:Dimenhydrinate
C:Ondansetron
D:Diphenhydramine
E:Chlorpromazine
答案: 【Scopolamine】

26、单选题：
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of the cholinoreceptor blocker? （ ）
选项：
A:Urinary retention
B:Constipation
C:Mydriasis
D:Increased pulse
E:Tachycardia
答案: 【Increased pulse】

27、单选题：
The skeletal muscles that are most sensitive to the action of tubocurarine are the（ ）
选项：
A:Muscles of the trunk
B:Muscles of the head, neck, and face
C:Respiratory muscles
D:Muscles of the arms and legs
E:Abdominal muscles
答案: 【Muscles of the head, neck, and face】

28、单选题：
A male patient is brought to the emergency department (ED) following ingestion of an unknown substance. He is found to have an elevated temperature, hot and flushed skin, dilated pupils, and tachycardia. Of the following, which would most likely cause these findings?（ ）
选项：
A:Atropine
B:Methylphenidate
C:Propranolol
D:Prazosin
E:Guanethidine
答案: 【Atropine】

29、单选题：
Of the following, which will NOT be blocked by atropine and scopolamine?（ ）
选项：
A:Bradycardia
B:Salivary secretion
C:Bronchoconstriction
D:Miosis
E:Skeletal muscle contraction
答案: 【Skeletal muscle contraction】

30、单选题：
We plan to prescribe scopolamine, as a transdermal drug delivery system, for a patient who will be leaving for an expensive cruise and is very susceptible to motion sickness. What comorbidity would weigh against prescribing the drug because it is most likely to pose adverse effects- or be truly contraindicated?（ ）
选项：
A:Bradycardia
B:Parkinson’s Disease
C:Angle-closure glaucoma
D:Hypothyroidism
E:History of allergic reactions to uncooked shellfish
答案: 【Angle-closure glaucoma】

31、单选题：
Of the many types of adrenergic receptors found throughout the body, which is most likely responsible for the bronchial dilation that is observed following an intravenous injection of epinephrine?（ ）
选项：
A:β2-adrenergic receptors
B:β3-adrenergic receptors
C:α2-adrenergic receptors
D:β1-adrenergic receptors
E:α1-adrenergic receptors
答案: 【β2-adrenergic receptors】

32、单选题：
Which one is the major effect of Norepinephrine?（ ）
选项：
A:Decrease in intestinal motility.
B:Contraction of sphincter muscle in the iris of the eye (miosis).
C:Increase in heart rate
D:Inhibition of bronchial secretion.
E:Constriction of vascular smooth muscles
答案: 【Constriction of vascular smooth muscles】

33、单选题：
A 16-year-old male treated for bronchial asthma develops skeletal muscle tremors. Which of the following agents may be responsible for this finding?（ ）
选项：
A:Beclomethasone
B:Cromolyn
C:Salmeterol
D:Zileuton
E:Ipratropium
答案: 【Salmeterol】

34、单选题：
The drug of choice for the treatment of anaphylactic shock is（ ）
选项：
A:Histamine
B:Isoproterenol
C:Epinephrine
D:Diphenhydramine
E:Norepinephrine
答案: 【Epinephrine】

35、单选题：
Epinephrine may be mixed with certain anesthetics, such as procaine, in order to（ ）
选项：
A:Enhance their interaction with neural membranes and their ability to depress nerve conduction
B:Retard their systemic absorption
C:Stimulate local wound repair
D:Promote hemostasis
E:Facilitate their distribution along nerves and fascial planes
答案: 【Retard their systemic absorption】

36、单选题：
What peripheral effects can dopamine cause at usual therapeutic doses?（ ）
选项：
A:Direct activation of juxtaglomerular apparatus leading to aldosterone release
B:Direct activation of pressure receptors (baroreceptors) in response to BP changes triggered by other agonists
C:Regulation of renal blood flow via control renal arterial tone
D:Inhibition the release of epinephrine
E:Bronchodilation via airway smooth muscles
答案: 【Regulation of renal blood flow via control renal arterial tone】

37、单选题：
Influx of this ion promotes fusion between axoplasmic membrane and nearby vesicles?（ ）
选项：
A:sodium
B:potassium
C:magnesium
D:calcium
E:chloride
答案: 【calcium】

38、单选题：
Of the following structures, which does not respond to β-adrenergic receptor stimulation?（ ）
选项：
A:Radial muscle of the iris
B:Atrioventricular (AV) node
C:Ciliary muscle of the iris
D:Sinoatrial (SA) node
E:Bronchial muscle
答案: 【Radial muscle of the iris】

39、单选题：
Cardiac output improves when dobutamine is given by IV infusion, to 60-year-old man with acute heart failure. What adrenergic receptor-mediated actions of it?（ ）
选项：
A:β-adrenergic antagonist
B:α-adrenergic agonist
C:Mixed α and β agonist
D:β-adrenergic agonist
E:α-adrenergic antagonist
答案: 【β-adrenergic agonist】

40、单选题：
A patient presents with an anaphylactic reaction following a wasp sting. What is the drugs choice for treating the multiple cardiovascular and pulmonary problems that, if not promptly corrected, could lead to the patient’s death?（ ）
选项：
A:Isoproterenol
B:Norepinephrine
C:Diphenhydramine
D:Atropine
E:Epinephrine
答案: 【Epinephrine】