2024知到答案 Arguments and Fallacies 如何推理论证 最新智慧树满分章节测试答案

第二章 单元测试

1、判断题：
An assuring term is reflexive when it refers to the mental state of the speaker.
选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

2、判断题：
The word "since" is always a premise marker.
选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

3、判断题：
Evaluative utterances are used only to express emotions or prescribe actions.
选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

4、单选题：

 A(n) ___ term is used to indicate a response to a possible objection.

选项：
A:

A = assuring term

B:

G = guarding term

C:

D = discounting term

D:

E = evaluative term

答案: 【

D = discounting term

】

5、单选题：

A(n) ___term is used to indicate that the speaker has reasons for what he says

without actually giving those reasons.

选项：
A:

A = assuring term

B:

G = guarding term

C:

D = discounting term

D:

E = evaluative term

答案: 【

A = assuring term

】

6、单选题：

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices

from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

 

 

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

F. E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

D = a discounting term

】

7、单选题：

In
this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase
that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter
might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices

from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

 

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

G = a guarding term

】

8、单选题：

In
this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase
that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter
might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

E+ = a positive evaluative term

】

9、单选题：

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

 

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

A = an assuring term

】

10、单选题：

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N= none of the above

答案: 【

E+ = a positive evaluative term

】

11、单选题：

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

C = a conclusion marker

】

12、单选题：

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

G = a guarding term

】

13、单选题：

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

 

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

N = none of the above

】

14、单选题：

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda’s Thumb"

... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

D = a discounting term

】

15、单选题：

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

E- = a negative evaluative term

】

16、单选题：

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda’s Thumb"

... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

P = a premise marker

】

17、单选题：

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

... The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

 

 

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

C = a conclusion marker

】

18、单选题：

 A(n) ___ term is used to weaken a claim in order to make it easier to defend against possible criticisms.

选项：
A:

A = assuring term

B:

G = guarding term

C:

D = discounting term

D:

E = evaluative term

答案: 【

G = guarding term

】

19、单选题：

A(n) ___ term can be either positive or negative.

选项：
A:

A = assuring term

B:

G = guarding term

C:

D = discounting term

D:

E = evaluative term

答案: 【

E = evaluative term

】

20、单选题：

 A(n) ___ term is used to make a claim less vulnerable to potential criticisms.

选项：
A:

G = guarding term

B:

A = assuring term

C:

D = discounting term

D:

E = evaluative term

答案: 【

G = guarding term

】

21、单选题：

A(n) ___term is used to indicate that the speaker has some reasons for what he says without actually specifying what those reasons are.

选项：
A:

G = guarding term

B:

A = assuring term

C:

D = discounting term

D:

E = evaluative term

答案: 【

A = assuring term

】

22、判断题：

 If a word can be replaced by a premise marker without significantly changing the meaning, then the original word is also a premise marker.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

23、判断题：
“If … then …”is an argument marker.
选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

24、判断题：
The word“too”in "too small" introduces an evaluation.
选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

25、判断题：
The word "since" is sometimes a premise marker.
选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

26、判断题：
Negative evaluative utterances say that something violates a standard.
选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

27、判断题：
If a word in a sentence can be replaced by a conclusion marker without significantly changing the meaning of the sentence, then the word is used as a conclusion marker in that sentence.
选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】